测试

→ 返回 Spring Boot 基础

Spring Boot 通过 spring-boot-starter-test 集成 JUnit 5、Mockito、AssertJ、MockMvc、Testcontainers 等主流测试库，提供分层测试能力。

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测试分层策略

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  E2E / 集成测试  @SpringBootTest             │  启动完整上下文
│  ├─ MockMvc 测试（Web 层）                   │
│  ├─ @DataJpaTest（Repository 层）            │  启动部分上下文
│  └─ @WebMvcTest（Controller 层）             │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  单元测试  (无 Spring Context)               │  最快，纯 JUnit + Mockito
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

注解	加载范围	适用场景
@SpringBootTest	完整 ApplicationContext	集成测试、端到端流程
@WebMvcTest	仅 Web 层（Controller/Filter/Advice）	Controller 单测
@DataJpaTest	仅 JPA 相关（内存库）	Repository 单测
@DataRedisTest	仅 Redis 相关	Redis 操作单测
@RestClientTest	仅 RestTemplate/WebClient	HTTP 客户端单测
无注解	无 Spring Context	纯业务逻辑单测

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单元测试（Service 层）

// 无需 Spring Context，启动最快
class UserServiceTest {
 
    @InjectMocks
    private UserService userService;
 
    @Mock
    private UserRepository userRepo;
 
    @Mock
    private PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
 
    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
    }
 
    @Test
    void createUser_whenUsernameExists_shouldThrow() {
        // Arrange
        given(userRepo.existsByUsername("alice")).willReturn(true);
 
        // Act & Assert
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> userService.create("alice", "pass"))
            .isInstanceOf(DuplicateUsernameException.class);
    }
 
    @Test
    void createUser_shouldEncodePassword() {
        // Arrange
        given(userRepo.existsByUsername("alice")).willReturn(false);
        given(passwordEncoder.encode("pass")).willReturn("hashed");
        given(userRepo.save(any())).willAnswer(inv -> inv.getArgument(0));
 
        // Act
        User user = userService.create("alice", "pass");
 
        // Assert
        assertThat(user.getPassword()).isEqualTo("hashed");
        then(userRepo).should().save(any(User.class));
    }
}

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Controller 测试（@WebMvcTest）

只加载 Web 层，Service 层需 Mock：

@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)
class UserControllerTest {
 
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
 
    @MockBean                               // 注入 Mock 到 Spring 上下文
    private UserService userService;
 
    @Autowired
    private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
 
    @Test
    void getUser_whenExists_shouldReturn200() throws Exception {
        // Arrange
        given(userService.findById(1L))
            .willReturn(new UserResponse(1L, "alice", "alice@example.com"));
 
        // Act & Assert
        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/1")
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
            .andExpect(status().isOk())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.username").value("alice"))
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.email").value("alice@example.com"));
    }
 
    @Test
    void createUser_withInvalidBody_shouldReturn400() throws Exception {
        var req = new CreateUserRequest("", "short", "bad-email");
 
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(req)))
            .andExpect(status().isBadRequest());
    }
}

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Repository 测试（@DataJpaTest）

自动使用内嵌数据库（H2），每个测试后回滚：

@DataJpaTest
class UserRepositoryTest {
 
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepo;
 
    @Test
    void findByUsername_whenExists_shouldReturn() {
        // Arrange
        userRepo.save(new User("alice", "hashed", "alice@example.com"));
 
        // Act
        Optional<User> result = userRepo.findByUsername("alice");
 
        // Assert
        assertThat(result).isPresent();
        assertThat(result.get().getEmail()).isEqualTo("alice@example.com");
    }
 
    @Test
    void existsByUsername_whenNotExists_shouldReturnFalse() {
        assertThat(userRepo.existsByUsername("nobody")).isFalse();
    }
}

若需使用真实数据库（MySQL 等），配合 Testcontainers（见下文）替换内嵌库。

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集成测试（@SpringBootTest）

启动完整上下文，可选择 WebEnvironment：

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserIntegrationTest {
 
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
 
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepo;
 
    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        userRepo.deleteAll();
    }
 
    @Test
    @Sql("/sql/init-users.sql")             // 执行 SQL 脚本初始化数据
    void fullFlow_createAndGetUser() throws Exception {
        var req = new CreateUserRequest("bob", "password123", "bob@example.com");
 
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(req)))
            .andExpect(status().isCreated())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").isNumber());
    }
}

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Testcontainers（真实中间件）

@SpringBootTest
@Testcontainers
class RedisIntegrationTest {
 
    @Container
    static RedisContainer redis = new RedisContainer(
        DockerImageName.parse("redis:7-alpine"));
 
    @DynamicPropertySource
    static void redisProperties(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
        registry.add("spring.data.redis.host", redis::getHost);
        registry.add("spring.data.redis.port", redis::getFirstMappedPort);
    }
 
    @Autowired
    private StringRedisTemplate redisTemplate;
 
    @Test
    void setAndGet() {
        redisTemplate.opsForValue().set("key", "value");
        assertThat(redisTemplate.opsForValue().get("key")).isEqualTo("value");
    }
}

常用容器：

容器类	依赖
MySQLContainer	testcontainers:mysql
PostgreSQLContainer	testcontainers:postgresql
RedisContainer	testcontainers:redis
KafkaContainer	testcontainers:kafka
MongoDBContainer	testcontainers:mongodb

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安全相关测试

@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)
class UserControllerSecurityTest {
 
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
 
    @Test
    void protectedEndpoint_withoutAuth_shouldReturn401() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/1"))
            .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized());
    }
 
    @Test
    @WithMockUser(roles = "ADMIN")          // 模拟已登录用户
    void adminEndpoint_withAdminRole_shouldReturn200() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/stats"))
            .andExpect(status().isOk());
    }
 
    @Test
    @WithMockUser(roles = "USER")
    void adminEndpoint_withUserRole_shouldReturn403() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/stats"))
            .andExpect(status().isForbidden());
    }
}

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测试配置

# src/test/resources/application-test.yml
spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:h2:mem:testdb;MODE=MySQL
    driver-class-name: org.h2.Driver
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: create-drop
 
logging:
  level:
    root: WARN
    com.example: DEBUG

// 激活测试 Profile
@SpringBootTest
@ActiveProfiles("test")
class MyTest { ... }

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常用断言速查

// AssertJ（推荐）
assertThat(result).isNotNull();
assertThat(list).hasSize(3).contains("a");
assertThat(value).isEqualTo(42);
assertThatThrownBy(() -> service.call()).isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class);
 
// MockMvc 响应断言
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.total").value(10))
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.items[0].name").value("foo"))
.andDo(print());                            // 打印完整请求/响应（调试用）

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相关链接

• Spring Boot 基础 — 项目结构与 Starter
• MVC — Controller 层机制
• 数据访问 — Repository 层背景
• JPA 与 Hibernate — @DataJpaTest 背景
• 安全 — @WithMockUser 安全测试
• 参数校验 — 校验异常测试